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12-04-2023
General Law on Personal Data Protection and applicability to Nursing
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20230126
Abstract
General Law on Personal Data Protection and applicability to Nursing
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20230126
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0126
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to reflect on the impacts of the General Personal Data Protection Law on Nursing practice.
Methods:
reflection article, through the intentional collection of materials relating to the topic.
Results:
legislation regulates confidentiality, processing and data sharing, requiring institutional protection measures. The nursing team is responsible for acting preventively, both in care and in the management role, in order to avoid the misuse of the patient’s personal data. The law allows academic research to be carried out as long as the purpose is clear, data collection occurs with an explicit purpose and data is anonymized.
Final Considerations:
although the General Personal Data Protection Law requires greater care in relation to data processing, it is established on precepts of good faith and respect for the rights of the individual, concepts aligned with the nursing code of ethics.
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REVIEW12-04-2023
Supervision of professional nursing practice in Brazil: a scoping review
- Andrezza Gabrielly dos Santos Soldera
, - Letícia da Silva Penha ,
- Dieimes Leandro da Silva ,
- Sebastião Junior Henrique Duarte ,
- Rodrigo Guimarães dos Santos Almeida
Abstract
REVIEWSupervision of professional nursing practice in Brazil: a scoping review
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20230077
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0077
- Andrezza Gabrielly dos Santos Soldera ,
- Letícia da Silva Penha ,
- Dieimes Leandro da Silva ,
- Sebastião Junior Henrique Duarte ,
- Rodrigo Guimarães dos Santos Almeida
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to map studies that analyze the audit process of nursing councils.
Methods:
this is a scoping review, anchored in the JBI framework, with the guiding question: what is the evidence of the audit process of legal practice of nursing by class councils (COFEN/COREN system)? The searches were carried out in October and November 2022 without limitation of language and year.
Results:
of the 9 selected studies, all are Brazilian and published from 2014 onwards. Among the topics addressed are the role, challenges, costs and difficulties in nurse auditors’ daily work process, in addition to the contribution of the audit sector in Brazil.
Conclusions:
the studies gathered discuss aspects related to costs, challenges and difficulties, but there is no focus on corrective, disciplinary and educational activities as well as little is said about the audit process, its reporting, referral and outcomes.
- Andrezza Gabrielly dos Santos Soldera
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-04-2023
Burnout, ethical climate and work organization in covid-19 intensive care units: mixed method study
- Ademir Jones Antunes Dorneles ,
- Graziele de Lima Dalmolin ,
- Edison Luiz Devos Barlem ,
- Rosemary Silva da Silveira ,
- Rafaela Andolhe , [ … ],
- Valdecir Zavarese da Costa
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEBurnout, ethical climate and work organization in covid-19 intensive care units: mixed method study
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220684
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0684
- Ademir Jones Antunes Dorneles ,
- Graziele de Lima Dalmolin ,
- Edison Luiz Devos Barlem ,
- Rosemary Silva da Silveira ,
- Rafaela Andolhe ,
- Silviamar Camponogara ,
- Tânia Solange Bosi de Souza Magnago ,
- Valdecir Zavarese da Costa
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to analyze the association between burnout and the perception of the ethical climate in nursing professionals in the covid-19 Intensive Care Unit and the relationship with the organization of work from the perspective of managers of these units.
Methods:
mixed method study conducted in three university hospitals in southern Brazil from December 2021 to March 2022. A cross-sectional study was developed with 110 nursing professionals, followed by an exploratory-descriptive study through semi-structured interviews with six managers. Descriptive and analytical statistics and discursive textual analysis were used.
Results:
the prevalence of burnout was 10% and the perception of negative ethical climate was 24.5%. The association between burnout and ethical climate revealed overload and fatigue during working hours, related to tension, fear, and stress that emerged from the consequences of the organization and relations of work in the covid-19 Intensive Care Unit.
Conclusions:
there was an association between burnout and ethical climate and elements of the work organization.
- Ademir Jones Antunes Dorneles
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-04-2023
Incidence and risk factors of pressure injuries in critically ill patients with COVID-19
- Aline de Oliveira Ramalho ,
- Rodrigo Augusto Gonçalves Fonseca ,
- Eliane Mazócoli ,
- Alessandra Marin ,
- Paula Cristina Nogueira
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEIncidence and risk factors of pressure injuries in critically ill patients with COVID-19
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220553
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0553
- Aline de Oliveira Ramalho ,
- Rodrigo Augusto Gonçalves Fonseca ,
- Eliane Mazócoli ,
- Alessandra Marin ,
- Paula Cristina Nogueira
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
to analyze pressure injury (PI) incidence and risk factors in patients with COVID-19 admitted to an Intensive Care Unit and characterize the identified PIs.
Method:
a retrospective cohort study, consisting of 668 patients, carried out between March 2020 and February 2021. Clinical/demographic and PI variables were collected from medical records and electronic database. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Logistic regression was performed to analyze risk factors for PI.
Results:
PI incidence was 30.2% (n=202), with the majority located in the sacral region (52.9%) and in stage 1 (39%). Risk factors were age (p<0.001), Diabetes Mellitus (p=0.005), length of stay (p<0.001), immunosuppression (p=0.034), nutritional risk (p=0.015) and mechanical ventilation (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
PI incidence in critically ill patients with COVID-19 was high.
- Aline de Oliveira Ramalho
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-04-2023
Work-related stress among nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic: What are the contributing factors?
- Tita Rohita ,
- Nursalam Nursalam ,
- Muhammad Hadi ,
- Iqbal Pramukti ,
- Dedeng Nurkholik , [ … ],
- Ika Adelia Susanti
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEWork-related stress among nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic: What are the contributing factors?
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220586
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0586
- Tita Rohita ,
- Nursalam Nursalam ,
- Muhammad Hadi ,
- Iqbal Pramukti ,
- Dedeng Nurkholik ,
- Arifah Septiane ,
- Idyatul Hasanah ,
- Ika Adelia Susanti
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
To analyze the contributing factors of work-related stress among nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 101 nurse practitioners from two hospitals in West Java, Indonesia. We distributed an online questionnaire to evaluate work-related stress and the data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression.
Results:
More than half of the nurses experienced moderate work-related stress. The study revealed that nurses aged over 35 years old had a lower likelihood of experiencing work-related stress (AOR: 0.173; 95%CI: 0.038-0.782). Married nurses had a higher likelihood (AOR: 7.156; 95% CI: 1.456-35.163). Additionally, nurses with low and moderate workloads had a lower likelihood (AOR: 0.003; 95%CI: 0.000-0.051) and (AOR: 0.025; 95%CI: 0.005-0.116), respectively.
Conclusion:
The consideration of age, marital status, and workload is essential in effectively addressing work-related stress among nurse practitioners.
- Tita Rohita
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-04-2023
Factors affecting the community’s attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination: cross-sectional study
- Chintia Gracelia Amalo ,
- Ezra Amarya Ekaristy ,
- Maretty Wattileo ,
- Martina Pakpahan ,
- Ester Silitonga
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEFactors affecting the community’s attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination: cross-sectional study
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220597
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0597
- Chintia Gracelia Amalo ,
- Ezra Amarya Ekaristy ,
- Maretty Wattileo ,
- Martina Pakpahan ,
- Ester Silitonga
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
The study aimed to analyze the factors that affect the community’s attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination in Tangerang District.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was used. Convenience sampling was used to select 400 respondents. Inclusion criteria are living in Tangerang District, aged between 18 and 55, and earning a living. An online questionnaire was used and passed validity and reliability tests. This study received ethical approval.
Results:
Most respondents had a high level of education (48.50%), low income (72.50%), high knowledge (78%), and a positive attitude (76.50%) regarding vaccination against COVID-19. The Chi-square test revealed a correlation between knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination (p=0.001), as well as education levels (p=0.001), but there was no correlation between income and attitudes (p=0.094).
Conclusions:
Health professionals should engage in extensive socialization and face-to-face visits with people with limited access to information to promote a positive attitude and expand the scope of COVID-19 vaccination.
- Chintia Gracelia Amalo
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-04-2023
Assessment of the quality of life and mental health of healthcare students during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Pedro Henrique Batista de Freitas ,
- Adriana Lúcia Meireles ,
- Mery Natali Silva Abreu ,
- Bruna Carolina Rafael Barbosa ,
- Waléria de Paula , [ … ],
- Clareci Silva Cardoso
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEAssessment of the quality of life and mental health of healthcare students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20230068
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0068
- Pedro Henrique Batista de Freitas ,
- Adriana Lúcia Meireles ,
- Mery Natali Silva Abreu ,
- Bruna Carolina Rafael Barbosa ,
- Waléria de Paula ,
- Clareci Silva Cardoso
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and the presence of symptoms related to depression, anxiety, and stress among students in the healthcare field, in comparison to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods:
A comparative cross-sectional research was conducted at a Brazilian public university. QOL was assessed using the WHOQOL-bref scale, while symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were evaluated using the DASS-21 scale. Descriptive and inferential analyses were employed to compare the two time periods.
Results:
A total of 355 students participated in this study. During the pandemic, there were significant increases in severe depression symptoms (15.1% versus 24.8%), moderate anxiety (18.3% versus 29.4%), and moderate stress (40.9% versus 53.8%) observed among the participants. Additionally, a significant reduction in QOL was noted, particularly in the domain of social relationships (65.2 versus 59.6, p-value 0.029).
Conclusion:
The study highlights a deterioration in both the quality of life and the mental health of healthcare students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Pedro Henrique Batista de Freitas
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12-04-2023
The ethics of nursing care for transgender people
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220797
Abstract
The ethics of nursing care for transgender people
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76:e20220797
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0797
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to discuss ethical aspects in nursing care for transgender people.
Methods:
reflective study based on the dilemmas that emerges in nursing care for transgender people. The report was structured around the four bioethical principles.
Results:
health care for trans people is complex, transversal to many devices and specialties and longitudinal in time, that is why it requires coordinated action. There is an ethical framework in which the nursing care must be observed in the care of this group.
Final Considerations:
the nurse as a health worker can assume several general lines in the care of transgender patients. So, complementary training should be provided not only to professionals, but also to students of nursing and other health sciences.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE02-10-2020
Mobile care service for psychiatric urgencies and emergencies: perception of nursing workers
- Lucídio Clebeson de Oliveira ,
- Harlon França de Menezes ,
- Richardson Lemos de Oliveira ,
- Dhyanine Morais de Lima ,
- Sâmara Fontes Fernandes , [ … ],
- Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEMobile care service for psychiatric urgencies and emergencies: perception of nursing workers
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2020;73(1):e20180214
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0214
- Lucídio Clebeson de Oliveira ,
- Harlon França de Menezes ,
- Richardson Lemos de Oliveira ,
- Dhyanine Morais de Lima ,
- Sâmara Fontes Fernandes ,
- Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
To understand how the nursing staff perceives the care provided to people in situations of psychiatric urgencies and emergencies in the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU – Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência).
Method:
Descriptive and qualitative study conducted in the Northeast region of Brazil with 34 of the SAMU nursing workers. Data were obtained by semi-structured interviews and processed by the Thematic Analysis.
Results:
The analysis of interviews allowed the identification of three categories: mechanical practice, need for qualification and (de)humanization of care. The results showed that the care offered to users in psychiatric urgency or emergency situations is based on mechanistic and specific actions.
Final considerations:
Nursing workers perceive that the care for people in situations of psychiatric urgency and emergency in SAMU is mainly based on physical and chemical containment measures, performing a little resolute and dehumanized care and raising the need for professional qualification.
- Lucídio Clebeson de Oliveira
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE04-07-2023
The use of toys by nursing as a therapeutic resource in the care of hospitalized children
- Lia Leão Ciuffo ,
- Tania Vignuda de Souza ,
- Thais Mello de Freitas ,
- Juliana Rezende Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes ,
- Keila Cristina Oliveira dos Santos , [ … ],
- Roberta de Oliveira Jaime Ferreira Lima dos Santos
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEThe use of toys by nursing as a therapeutic resource in the care of hospitalized children
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76(2):e20220433
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0433
- Lia Leão Ciuffo ,
- Tania Vignuda de Souza ,
- Thais Mello de Freitas ,
- Juliana Rezende Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes ,
- Keila Cristina Oliveira dos Santos ,
- Roberta de Oliveira Jaime Ferreira Lima dos Santos
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to describe the use of toys by nursing during the care of children in the inpatient unit; to analyze the factors that influence the use of therapeutic toys by nursing in the care of hospitalized children.
Methods:
qualitative research, conducted in a pediatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro between July and August 2019. Semi-structured interview and thematic analysis were used as methodological procedure.
Results:
the 12 nurses and 7 nursing technicians revealed minimizing fear, relieving tension, and creating a bond between the child and the professional as the main benefits; they use as resources: children’s toys, hospital materials, cartoons, and children’s videos. The high demand for work, deficit of human resources, and appropriate ludic materials are factors that interfere with the use of toys as a therapeutic resource.
Final Considerations:
although the participants recognize the importance of the toy as a therapeutic resource, there is no systematization of its use in pediatric practice.
- Lia Leão Ciuffo
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE07-13-2020
Culture of patient safety in hospital units of gynecology and obstetrics: a cross-sectional study
- Juliana Maria Almeida do Carmo ,
- Isabel Yovana Quispe Mendoza ,
- Vania Regina Goveia ,
- Kleyde Ventura de Souza ,
- Bruna Figueiredo Manzo , [ … ],
- Gilberto de Lima Guimarães
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLECulture of patient safety in hospital units of gynecology and obstetrics: a cross-sectional study
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2020;73(5):e20190576
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0576
- Juliana Maria Almeida do Carmo ,
- Isabel Yovana Quispe Mendoza ,
- Vania Regina Goveia ,
- Kleyde Ventura de Souza ,
- Bruna Figueiredo Manzo ,
- Gilberto de Lima Guimarães
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objectives:
to assess the patient safety culture of the health team working in three maternity hospitals.
Methods:
observational, cross-sectional, comparative study. 301 professionals participated in the study. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire validated in Brazil was used. For data analysis, it was considered a strong area in the patient safety culture when positive responses reached over 75%; and areas that need improvement when positive responses have reached less than 50%. To compare the results, standard deviation and thumb rule were used.
Results:
of the 12 dimensions of patient safety culture, none obtained a score above 75%, with nine dimensions scoring between 19% and 43% and three dimensions between 55% and 57%.
Conclusions:
no strong dimensions for safety culture were identified in the three maternity hospitals. It is believed that these results may contribute to the development of policies that promote a culture of safety in institutions.
- Juliana Maria Almeida do Carmo
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-05-2019
Perception of nursing workers on the care of hypertension in older adult
- Rosimeire Fontes de Queiroz ,
- Angela Maria Alvarez ,
- Luana Jordana Morais ,
- Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEPerception of nursing workers on the care of hypertension in older adult
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019;72:3-13
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0681
- Rosimeire Fontes de Queiroz ,
- Angela Maria Alvarez ,
- Luana Jordana Morais ,
- Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
To understand how nursing workers perceive care of hypertension (HBP) in older adult within the scope of the Family Health Strategy.
Method:
A qualitative descriptive study carried out in the city of Natal/RN, with 20 nursing workers providing care to older adults with HBP. The data were obtained through a semi-structured interview and analysed by the Thematic Analysis, based on the theoretical support of the integrality, using Atlas.ti 7.0 software.
Results:
The elements found as facilitators were: territorialization, partnerships, professional proactivity and the user’s bond with the team. Among those found as barriers were: disease-centered care; academic education based on the biomedical model; lack of inter-sectorality and discontinuity of care in the care network.
Final considerations:
Nursing workers perceive that health institutions lack articulated and innovative practices that incorporate new paradigms focused on integrality of care.
- Rosimeire Fontes de Queiroz
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE12-13-2019
Quality of life in the climacteric of nurses working in primary care
- Geyslane Pereira Melo de Albuquerque ,
- Fátima Maria da Silva Abrão ,
- Ana Maria de Almeida ,
- Débora Larissa Rufino Alves ,
- Priscyla de Oliveira Nascimento Andrade , [ … ],
- Aurélio Molina da Costa
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEQuality of life in the climacteric of nurses working in primary care
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019;72:154-161
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0306
- Geyslane Pereira Melo de Albuquerque ,
- Fátima Maria da Silva Abrão ,
- Ana Maria de Almeida ,
- Débora Larissa Rufino Alves ,
- Priscyla de Oliveira Nascimento Andrade ,
- Aurélio Molina da Costa
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
to evaluate the quality of life of primary care nurses in the climacteric.
Method:
A cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, performed with 98 female nurses, aged 40-65 years, using the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire.
Results:
the worst level of quality of life was observed for professionals aged 50-59 years, non-white, specialists, divorced or widowed, with children, a lower income, with another employment relationship, a weekly workload of more than 40 hours, who consumed alcoholic beverages weekly, with chronic disease, in continuous use of medications, sedentary, who did not menstruate and did not receive hormonal treatment, and who went through menopause between the ages of 43-47 years.
Conclusion:
Although the variables “physical activity” and “age” have a statistically significant association with quality of life, other variables seem to interfere in these professionals’ lives, indicating the need for a more critical and deep reflection on these relations.
- Geyslane Pereira Melo de Albuquerque
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE08-19-2019
Psychosocial risks related to the nurse in the psychiatric hospital and management strategies
- Maria Carolina Santos Scozzafave ,
- Laura Andrian Leal ,
- Mirelle Inácio Soares ,
- Silvia Helena Henriques
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEPsychosocial risks related to the nurse in the psychiatric hospital and management strategies
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019;72(4):834-840
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0311
- Maria Carolina Santos Scozzafave ,
- Laura Andrian Leal ,
- Mirelle Inácio Soares ,
- Silvia Helena Henriques
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
To characterize the presence of psychosocial risks related to the work of the nurse in a psychiatric hospital and the strategies for managing these risks.
Methods:
Qualitative, in which 25 nurses from a psychiatric hospital participated using semi-structured interviews from November 2014 to January 2015. Data analysis was performed using the thematic method.
Results:
The results showed psychosocial risks related to the work of psychiatric nurses, such as: insufficient academic training; lack of preparation and maintenance of equipment; poor relationship with colleagues; shortage of human resources and lack of capacity building; conflict between the demands of the home and work, as well as strategies for managing psychosocial risks such as family, cinema, music, reading, among others.
Final considerations:
This study should provoke the reflection of managers and future nurses regarding the working conditions in a psychiatric hospital and possible psychosocial risks to which they are exposed.
- Maria Carolina Santos Scozzafave
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE09-21-2020
Autonomy in the reproductive health of quilombolas women and associated factors
- Elionara Teixeira Boa Sorte Fernandes ,
- Sílvia Lúcia Ferreira ,
- Cláudia Suely Barreto Ferreira ,
- Eliene Almeida Santos
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLEAutonomy in the reproductive health of quilombolas women and associated factors
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2020;73:e20190786
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0786
- Elionara Teixeira Boa Sorte Fernandes ,
- Sílvia Lúcia Ferreira ,
- Cláudia Suely Barreto Ferreira ,
- Eliene Almeida Santos
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
Identify the level of reproductive autonomy of quilombola women and associate it with sociodemographic characteristics and aspects of sexual and reproductive health.
Methods:
Cross-sectional census study carried out in quilombola communities in a municipality in Bahia. Data was collected through questionnaires from the National Health Survey and the Reproductive Autonomy Scale, applied to quilombola women who agreed to participate. Descriptive statistics procedures were used and associations were made between reproductive autonomy scores and sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics.
Results:
The average total score for reproductive autonomy was 2.06. An association was found between the “decision-making” score and marital status. The score for “total reproductive autonomy” was associated with the use of contraceptive method.
Conclusion:
The reality of the study participants converges with the literature regarding the interference of sociodemographic and reproductive factors in the reproductive autonomy of black women.
- Elionara Teixeira Boa Sorte Fernandes
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE09-16-2019
Social representations of HIV/AIDS by older people and the interface with prevention
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019;72(5):1129-1136
Abstract
ORIGINAL ARTICLESocial representations of HIV/AIDS by older people and the interface with prevention
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2019;72(5):1129-1136
DOI 10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0748
Views0See moreABSTRACT
Objective:
To apprehend the social representations elaborated by older people about HIV/AIDS and to understand how they relate to the prevention of HIV infection.
Method:
Descriptive and qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations with 42 older people assisted at primary care. Data were produced through in-depth interviews with a semi-structured instrument, processed in the IRaMuTeQ software, and analyzed by means of the descending hierarchical classification.
Results:
Five classes emerged: “HIV/AIDS: a problem of young people”; “Quality of life improvement for people living with HIV/AIDS”; “Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among heterosexual women in a stable union”; “HIV/AIDS Information Network: process of creation and transformation of social representations” and “Prevention versus stigma”.
Final considerations:
The social representations that older people have about HIV/AIDS influence the adoption of preventive measures negatively because stigma is present and HIV/AIDS is attributed to young men, and to men who have sex with other men.
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